Microplastic removal from water: from physical separation to chemical transformation

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

1-1-2026

Abstract

Microplastics have emerged as pervasive contaminants in aquatic and terrestrial environments, posing increasing risks to ecosystems and human health due to their persistence, small size, and ability to transport hazardous substances. In response, a wide range of removal technologies has been developed; however, their performance, scalability, and long-term effectiveness vary significantly. This article systematically reviews current strategies for microplastic remediation by categorizing them into physical separation and chemical transformation methods. Physical approaches, including coagulation–flocculation, membrane filtration, and column filtration, are highlighted for their high removal efficiencies and large treatment capacities, while chemical methods, including photocatalysis, biological degradation, and advanced oxidation processes, are evaluated for their potential to degrade or mineralize microplastics. Key characteristics of each method, including target particle size, removal efficiency, and volume tolerance, are critically discussed to provide a comprehensive comparison framework. Furthermore, future perspectives emphasize the need for integrated treatment systems, standardized assessment protocols, advanced material design, and greater attention to volume tolerance and scalability. Overall, this review provides insights into the current state and future directions of microplastic removal technologies, contributing to the development of effective and sustainable solutions for mitigating microplastic pollution.

Publication Title

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

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