Document Type

Article

Publication Date

11-7-2025

Department

Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering

Abstract

Water levels in the Great Lakes fluctuate over time. Excessively high levels can cause flooding, erosion, property damage, and loss of human life. Excessively low values inhibit shipping since boats cannot reach the ports and docks due to low draft, thereby causing loss of economic resources. Water level prediction has proven elusive, thereby requiring a new approach to analyzing the historical record of water level values. Methods attempted here include curve fitting, conventional statistics, and a newly introduced Unacceptable-Value Statistical Approach (UVSA). The UVSA comprises only analyzing flooding and drought events. All remaining values are acceptable and, therefore, are not considered. Each flooding/drought event is comprised of all the data above/below the corresponding threshold of acceptable values. Statistics analyzed include the event volume, maximum value, length, and time between flooding or drought events. For curve fitting it was found that none of the over 3000 forms of equations fit the data well. Conventional statistics found that all the lakes had skewed histograms, and increasing levels except Superior, which was flat. The volume of unacceptable events increased for all the lakes except Superior, which was flat. The extreme high and low values increased for some lakes and decreased for others. The event durations also increased for some lakes and decreased for others. The gap time for high events generally decreased and for low events increased for some and decreased for others. This new method (UVSA) shows promise for decision making.

Publisher's Statement

Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. Publisher’s version of record: https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v18n6p171

Publication Title

Journal of Sustainable Development

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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