Document Type

Article

Publication Date

1-15-2026

Department

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Abstract

This paper focuses on power grid integration of wave energy converter (WEC) arrays that minimize added energy storage for maximizing power capture as well as smoothing the oscillatory power inputs into the grid. In particular, a linear right circular cylinder WEC array that implements complex conjugate control is compared and contrasted to a nonlinear WEC array that implements an hourglass buoy shape while both are integrated into the grid utilizing phase control (i.e., relative spacing of the WEC array) on the input powers to the grid. The Hamiltonians of the two WEC systems are derived, enabling a direct comparison of real and reactive power, with reactive power reflecting the utilization of stored energy. The control systems are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under both regular wave conditions and irregular seas generated from a Bretschneider spectrum. For the linear right circular cylinder buoy, the proportional-derivative complex conjugate controller requires an external energy storage device to supply reactive power, whereas the nonlinear hourglass buoy inherently provides reactive power through its geometric design. This study demonstrates that: (i) The unique geometry of the hourglass buoy reduces the required energy storage size for the nonlinear system while simultaneously increasing power output. (ii) Phase control of the hexagonal hourglass array further enhances real power capture. Together, these effects substantially decrease the size and demand on the individual buoys and grid integration energy storage requirements.

Publisher's Statement

Copyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Publisher’s version of record: https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020184

Publication Title

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Version

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