Climatologies of NO(x) and NO(y): A comparison of data and models

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

1-1-1997

Abstract

Climatologies of tropospheric NO(x)(NO + NO2) and NO(y) (total reactive nitrogen: NO(x) + NO3 + 2 x N2O5 + HNO2 + HNO3 + HNO4 + ClONO2 + PAN (peroxyacelylnitrate) + other organic nitrates) have been compiled from data previously published and, in most cases, publicly archived. Emphasis has been on non-urban measurements, including rural and remote ground sites, as well as aircraft data. Although the distribution of data is sparse, a compilation in this manner can begin to provide an understanding of the spatial and temporal distributions of these reactive nitrogen species. The cleanest measurements in the boundary layer are in Alaska, northern Canada and the eastern Pacific, with median NO mixing ratios below 10 pptv, NO(x) below 50 pptv, and NO(y) below 300 pptv. The highest NO values (greater than 1 ppbv) were found in eastern North America and Europe, with correspondingly high NO(y) (~ 5 ppbv). A significantly narrower range of concentrations is seen in the free troposphere, particularly at 3-6 km, with NO typically about 10 pptv in the boreal summer. NO increases with altitude to ~ 100 pptv at 9-12 km, whereas NO(y) does not show a trend with altitude, but varies between 100 and 1000 pptv. Decreasing mixing ratios eastward of the Asian and North American continents are seen in all three species at all altitudes. Model-generated climatologies of NO(x) and NO from six chemical transport models are also presented and are compared with observations in the boundary layer and the middle troposphere for summer and winter. These comparisons test our understanding of the chemical and transport processes responsible for these species distributions. Although the model results show differences between them, and disagreement with observations, none are systematically different for all seasons and altitudes. Some of the differences between the observations and model results may likely be attributed to the specific meteorological conditions at the time that measurements were made differing from the model meteorology, which is either climatological flow from GCMs or actual meteorology for an arbitrary year. Differences in emission inventories, and convection and washout schemes in the models will also affect the calculated NO(x) and NO(y) distributions.

Publication Title

Atmospheric Environment

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