Document Type
Article
Publication Date
5-14-2021
Department
Great Lakes Research Center
Abstract
Among its many impacts, climate warming is leading to increasing winter air temperatures, decreasing ice cover extent, and changing winter precipitation patterns over the Laurentian Great Lakes and their watershed. Understanding and predicting the consequences of these changes is impeded by a shortage of winter-period studies on most aspects of Great Lake limnology. In this review, we summarize what is known about the Great Lakes during their 3–6 months of winter and identify key open questions about the physics, chemistry, and biology of the Laurentian Great Lakes and other large, seasonally frozen lakes. Existing studies show that winter conditions have important effects on physical, biogeochemical, and biological processes, not only during winter but in subsequent seasons as well. Ice cover, the extent of which fluctuates dramatically among years and the five lakes, emerges as a key variable that controls many aspects of the functioning of the Great Lakes ecosystem. Studies on the properties and formation of Great Lakes ice, its effect on vertical and horizontal mixing, light conditions, and biota, along with winter measurements of fundamental state and rate parameters in the lakes and their watersheds are needed to close the winter knowledge gap. Overcoming the formidable logistical challenges of winter research on these large and dynamic ecosystems may require investment in new, specialized research infrastructure. Perhaps more importantly, it will demand broader recognition of the value of such work and collaboration between physicists, geochemists, and biologists working on the world's seasonally freezing lakes and seas.
Publication Title
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
Recommended Citation
Ozersky, T.,
Bramburger, A.,
Elgin, A.,
Vanderploeg, H.,
Wang, J.,
Austin, J.,
Meadows, G.,
&
et. al.
(2021).
The Changing Face of Winter: Lessons and Questions From the Laurentian Great Lakes.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences,
126(6).
http://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006247
Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/15123
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Version
Publisher's PDF
Publisher's Statement
© 2021. The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. Publisher’s version of record: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006247