Document Type

Article

Publication Date

3-5-2025

Department

Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering; Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences; Department of Biological Sciences; Michigan Tech Research Institute

Abstract

Tailings generated by mining account for the largest world-wide waste from industrial activities. As an element, copper is relatively uncommon, with low concentrations in sediments and waters, yet is very elevated around mining operations. On the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, USA, jutting out into Lake Superior, 140 mines extracted native copper from the Portage Lake Volcanic Series, part of an intercontinental rift system. Between 1901 and 1932, two mills at Gay (Mohawk, Wolverine) sluiced 22.7 million metric tonnes (MMT) of copper-rich tailings (stamp sands) into Grand (Big) Traverse Bay. About 10 MMT formed a beach that has migrated 7 km from the original Gay pile to the Traverse River Seawall. Another 11 MMT are moving underwater along the coastal shelf, threatening Buffalo Reef, an important lake trout and whitefish breeding ground. Here we use remote sensing techniques to document geospatial environmental impacts and initial phases of remediation. Aerial photos, multiple ALS (crewed aeroplane) LiDAR/MSS surveys, and recent UAS (uncrewed aircraft system) overflights aid comprehensive mapping efforts. Because natural beach quartz and basalt stamp sands are silicates of similar size and density, percentage stamp sand determinations utilise microscopic procedures. Studies show that stamp sand beaches contrast greatly with natural sand beaches in physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Dispersed stamp sand particles retain copper, and release toxic levels of dissolved concentrations. Moreover, copper leaching is elevated by exposure to high DOC and low pH waters, characteristic of riparian environments. Lab and field toxicity experiments, plus benthic sampling, all confirm serious impacts of tailings on aquatic organisms, supporting stamp sand removal. Not only should mining companies end coastal discharges, we advocate that they should adopt the UNEP “Global Tailings Management Standard for the Mining Industry”.

Publisher's Statement

Publisher's record: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050922

© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Supporting Data

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs17050922/s1, Table S1: AEM Group beach, Ponar, and core samples from Grand (Big) Traverse Bay. Table S2: Beach and Ponar from Grand (Big) Traverse and Little Traverse Bay (2020-21). File S1, Glossary.

Publication Title

Remote Sensing

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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